Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

Sex chromosome abnormalities occur as a result of chromosome mutations brought on by mutagens (like radiation) or problems that occur during meiosis. One type of mutation is caused by chromosome breakage. The broken chromosome fragment may be deleted, duplicated, inverted, or translocated to a non-homologous chromosome. Another type of mutation occurs during meiosis and causes cells to have either too many or not enough chromosomes. Alterations in the number of chromosomes in a cell can result in changes in an organisms phenotype or physical traits. Normal Sex Chromosomes In human sexual reproduction, two distinct gametes fuse to form a zygote. Gametes are reproductive cells produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. They contain only one set of chromosomes and are said to be haploid (one set of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome). When the haploid male and female gametes unite in a process called fertilization, they form what is called a zygote. The zygote is diploid, meaning that it contains two sets of chromosomes (two sets of 22 autosomes and two sex chromosomes). The male gametes, or sperm cells, in humans and other mammals are heterogametic and contain one of two types of sex chromosomes. They have either an X or a Y sex chromosome. However, the female gametes or eggs contain only the X sex chromosome and are therefore homogametic. The sperm cell determines the sex of an individual in this case. If a sperm cell containing an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX or female. If the sperm cell contains a Y chromosome, then the resulting zygote will be XY or male. X and Y Chromosome Size Difference The Y chromosome carries genes that direct the development of male gonads and the male reproductive system. The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome (about 1/3 the size) and has fewer genes than the X chromosome. The X chromosome is thought to carry around two thousand genes, while the Y chromosome has less than one hundred genes. Both chromosomes were once about the same size. Structural changes in the Y chromosome resulted in the rearrangement of genes on the chromosome. These changes meant that recombination could no longer occur between large segments of the Y chromosome and its X homologue during meiosis. Recombination is important for weeding out mutations, so without it, mutations accumulate faster on the Y chromosome than on the X chromosome. The same type of degradation is not observed with the X chromosome because it still maintains the ability to recombine with its other X homologue in females. Over time, some of the mutations on the Y chromosome have resulted in the deletion of genes and have contributed to the decrease in the size of the Y chromosome. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Aneuploidy is a condition characterized by the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes. If a cell has an additional chromosome (three instead of two), it is trisomic for that chromosome. If the cell is missing a chromosome, it is monosomic. Aneuploid cells occur as a result of either chromosome breakage or nondisjunction errors that happen during meiosis. Two types of errors occur during nondisjunction: homologous chromosomes dont separate during anaphase I of meiosis I or sister chromatids dont separate during anaphase II of meiosis II. Nondisjunction results in some abnormalities, including the following: Klinefelter syndrome is a disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome. The genotype for males with this disorder is XXY. People with Klinefelter syndrome may also have more than one extra chromosome resulting in genotypes which include XXYY, XXXY, and XXXXY. Other mutations result in males that have an extra Y chromosome and a genotype of XYY. These males were once thought to be taller than average males and overly aggressive based on prison studies. Additional studies, however, have found XYY males to be normal.Tuner syndrome is a condition that affects females. Individuals with this syndrome, also called monosomy X, have a genotype of only one X chromosome (XO).Trisomy X females have an additional X chromosome and are also referred to as metafemales (XXX). Nondisjunction can occur in autosomal cells as well. Down syndrome is most commonly the result of nondisjunction affecting autosomal chromosome 21. Down syndrome is also referred to as trisomy 21 because of the extra chrom osome. The following table includes information on sex chromosome abnormalities, resulting syndromes, and phenotypes (expressed physical traits). Genotype Sex Syndrome Physical Traits XXY, XXYY, XXXY male Klinefelter syndrome sterility, small testicles, breast enlargement XYY male XYY syndrome normal male traits XO female Turner syndrome sex organs don't mature at adolescence, sterility, short stature XXX female Trisomy X tall stature, learning disabilities, limited fertility Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

Health Care Is The Sole Factor That Determines A Person s...

Health is difficult to define and impossible to pin down as a cause and effect relationship. It’s impossible to say that genetics or environment or nutrition or even health care is the sole factor that determines a person’s health. As thousands of different failed and successful interventions have shown, because there is no one cause, there can be no one solution and this is one of the aspects that fascinates me about a career in health care. When the professor of my medical ethics class was discussing whether or not health care is â€Å"special,† my initial reaction was that was a ridiculous question to ask. Of course health care is special, a person’s health is a major factor in determining their ability to function, contribute to society and essentially allowing them to reach their full potential. Upon further thought I realized that if I were to strongly support health care as â€Å"special,† my support couldn’t stop there. As I learned more about the impact that education, socioeconomic status, discrimination, location and the myriad of other influences have on health outcomes, my interest continued to grow. My research increased my desire to be a physician and not only be able to interact with and help individual patients but also to play a part in the change that’s happening around the world to look at health in the bigger picture. Last summer during a month-long Summer Internatio nal Health Fellowship in Peru, I saw first hand just how special healthcare is and how much of aShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Is The Sole Factor That Determines A Person s Health952 Words   |  4 PagesHealth is difficult to define or to be constrained as a cause and effect relationship. It’s impossible to say genetics or environment or nutrition or even health care is the sole factor that determines a person’s health. As thousands of failed and successful interventions have shown, because there is no one cause, there can be no one solution and this is one of the aspects that fascinates me about a career in medicine. When my medical ethics professor discussed whether or not health care is â€Å"specialRead MoreHealth Case Study1230 Words   |  5 Pagestelehealth services offered as supplemental benefits in MA plans ââ€"  Secretary shall establish requirements for additional telehealth benefits ââ€"‹ Physician or practitioner licensure and other requirements ââ€"‹ Factors necessary to ensure coordination of benefits with items and services furnished in-person ââ€"‹ Other areas specified by the Secretary ââ€"  Secretary required to conduct a study on the utilization and expenditures for telehealth services and submit to Congress by 2026 ââ€"  Two side ACOs can expand telehealthRead MoreHealthcare Delivery System : Exploring Our Difference1205 Words   |  5 Pagesforces that effect healthcare may give some insight on how these differences effect the way care is delivered and the quality of the care we give. No Central Agency Of the many difference that sets the U.S. apart, our lack of central agency that governs the system is the most notable when compared to other industrialized countries (Davis et al., 2014). Healthcare in the U.S. is not controlled by a sole department or agency of the government (Shi Singh, 2015). Conversely, most other nations haveRead MoreThe Realm Of Medicine Is A Very Broad And All Encompassing Field1052 Words   |  5 Pagesmedicine is a very broad and all encompassing field that requires an aspect to be viewed through a multitude of perspectives before deeming a particular intervention necessary. In all entirety, a physician should provide the best care possible with loyalty and serve the patient s best interest given the circumstances. Often times, however, the doctor-patient fiduciary relationship is challenged when situations such as language barriers and cultural norms lack a shared premise. Such is the case with MrsRead MoreFall Risk Factors1513 Words   |  7 PagesPat ient safety is one of the nations most imperative health care issues. A 1999 article by the Institute of Medicine estimates that 44,000 to 98,000 people die in U.S. hospitals each year as the result of lack of in patient safety regulations. Inhibiting falls among patients and residents in acute and long term care healthcare settings requires a multifaceted method, and the recognition, evaluation and prevention of patient or resident falls are significant challenges for all who seek to provideRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesA person should have the right to choose what medical interventions he or she would or would not have implemented in a life threatening situation, but euthanasia and physician assisted suicide (PAS) does not align with the code of ethics that health care providers are sworn to and, therefore, should not be practiced. Research has shown that only a fraction of individuals who qualify for end-of-life (EOL) care opti ons, such as hospice, have heard about what options are available to them. PatientsRead MoreGenetic Testing or Genetic Screening1514 Words   |  7 Pagesmedication. The prevention, care and treatment of heart disease will be tailored to individual needs through a synthesized screening and evaluation of genetic and lifestyle factors. In some cases of heart disease, such as sudden cardiac death, genetic screening and prevention through therapy is often the only hope. Understanding the roles of genes and being able to screen them has many other advantages. Genes not influence a person’s susceptibility to environmental factors but can also shape a person’sRead MoreNursing Career As A Licensed Practical Nurse1899 Words   |  8 Pageswound care, and medication knowledge. In the nursing home, I developed a fondness for the elderly. I worked with men and woman that entered the nursing home completely oriented, ambulatory, and able to perform most of their activities of da ily living. Then, in a fairly short amount of time I watched them deteriorate until I held their hand while they passed away. After two years, I was finally allowed to go to the bedside on a medical surgical unit. As I worked on this unit, I took care of patientsRead MoreTelevision, Television And Public Places1690 Words   |  7 Pagesright to be left alone, control of information about one’s self s ability to share what an individual want others to know about them and finally freedom from surveillance i.e. to be free from beginning followed, tracked, watched or eavesdropping upon. By implanting a chip on a child goes against the child’s privacy, according to the definition above privacy means freedom from surveillance to be free from being tracked and the sole purpose of this chip is to be able to track children. Strongly believeRead MoreTelemedicine Bill Essay1764 Words   |  8 Pages2017 Federal Telemedicine Bills 115th Congress S. 1016 - CONNECT for Health Act of 2017 /H.R. 2556 - CONNECT for Health Act of 2017 Analysis: CONNECT for Health Act of 2017 allows for the removal of telehealth restrictions in Medicare under certain conditions effective Jan. 1, 2018. It explicitly removes barriers to store-and-forward technologies, and grants the HHS Secretary latitude to waive restrictions on telehealth if certain criteria. Impact: ââ€"  Removes restrictions

Factors Affecting Consumers Acceptance of the MVM Technology Research Proposal

Essays on Factors Affecting Consumers Acceptance of the MVM Technology Research Proposal The paper â€Å"Factors Affecting Consumers’ Acceptance of MVM Technology† is a  perfect example of a research proposal on marketing. This study used Kinnear and Taylor's (1996) seven stages of the research process as the backbone of this research process. Aaker et al, (2007) addressed the importance of a research framework as it provides a systematic planned approach to a research project and ensures all the aspects within the research are consistent with each other.The choice of research approach depends very much on the nature of the research. (Aaker, et al 2007; Saunders et al 2003). Generally, there are two main types of approaches; 1) the Deductive approach and 2) an Inductive approach (Saunders at al 2003; Holmes, 2001). The inductive approach begins with data collection, examining the data, followed by forming hypotheses and then construct theories. (Saundes et al, 2003). Different from an inductive approach, the Deductive approach is the process of reaching a conclusion from previously known facts (premises) and it is dependent on its premises; if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. Likewise, a false premise can possibly lead to false results (Crow, L.D., PhD. and Crow, A.C., PhD. 1968; Holmes S.; Woolfolk, 2001).In this study, the researcher used a quantitative approach, which consisted of a customer survey. And before carrying out the survey, a Literature review has been undertaken in order to gain a piece of better knowledge about the existing factors influencing consumers’ acceptance of MVM Technology. Creating a Literature review is essential as it helps the researcher to build up the knowledge base of the possible factors relating to this subject. (Cooper Schindler 2001; Saunders et al, 2003) It was carried out to identify the possible factors influencing customers’ attitudes and intentions towards the MVM technology based on the extended TAM model. Afterward, the research framework and hypothes es of this study were developed based on the initial findings from the Literature review, and a quantitative customer questionnaire was conducted as a test for the hypotheses.Quantitative Research Method, according to Saunders et al (2003) is a systematic scientific investigation of properties and phenomena and their relationships; most commonly used in studying natural science, social sciences, or develop and employ mathematical models, theories, and hypotheses, which pertains to a natural phenomJustification of ResearchThe purpose of this customer questionnaire is to test the research framework and hypotheses through gathering information on knowledge, attitudes, opinions, behaviors, facts and other information needed which are related to the topic or subject under study. (Radhakrishna, R.B., 2007). It allows the respondents to have more time in considering their responses carefully without interference from an interviewer (Aaker et al, 2007; Saunders et al, 2003)The result of the questionnaire should allow the researcher to find out the relationship between variables developed in the research framework through exploring customers’ experiences in using the MVM system, the relationship between the usefulness and ease of using this system and the attitude and intention towards the technology. The target populations are both U.K. and U.S. consumers who aged from 18-35 Internet users and have knowledge in computers. (The reason for choosing internet users in UK and US is because the UK and US online shopping culture are more developed (Forrester research, 2005, Mintel, 2006) compare to other countries, also MyVirtualModel is so far adopted by US and UK base E-retailers.)

Benefits of Cloning Essay - 1375 Words

Benefits of Cloning What if while walking down the street you encountered someone who looked exactly like you? Would you stare in amazement or would your heart be filled with fear? At first some people may look upon the idea of cloning with disgust and question themselves if humans should play God while others would be interested and study the many possibilities that cloning offers. This illustrates the path that cloning has taken over the latter part of the twentieth century. At first, when cloning was brought up in conversations, people tended to fearfully think of an army of identical persons marching across the earth in hopes of ruling humans. This and many other absurd notions of clones stem from science fiction movies and†¦show more content†¦Since then people think that biologists are cloning both human and other mammals embryos only to see how far they can push the scientific envelope, but in fact there are many legitimate reasons for investigating cloning. Embryologists believe th at research into cloning could help improve the life of future generations. Cancer research is possibly the most important reason for embryo cloning they argue. Oncologists believe that embryonic study will advance understanding of the rapid cell growth of cancer. Cancer cells develop at approximately the same phenomenal speed as embryonic cells do. By studying the embryonic cell growth, scientists may be able to determine how to stop rapid cell division, and also stop cancer growth in turn (Hyde 15). Another important area of embryo cloning research is embryonic stem cell development. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into almost any type of cell in the body. These cells are not attacked by a persons immune system, because of their fast development and undifferentiated status (Wilmut 4). Many doctors believe that these stem cells could be used in treatments for brain and nervous system damage. Perhaps a more questionable use of cloned embryos is for spare parts and hormones. Production of transgenic farm animals to make organs to transplant in humans with organ failure has been heavily researched. CompaniesShow MoreRelatedThe Potential Benefits Of Cloning1068 Words   |  5 PagesCloning Cloning has been one of the most widely discussed and controversial scientific topics in the past decade. Cloning has been applied in many fields including the creation of new breeds of plants and animals. However, the cloning of plants has been practiced for hundreds of years. Cloning can be done on a larger level in animals and has potential benefits. The general process of cloning is to take one cell from the parent making the offspring and parent genetically identical (Tsunoda andRead MoreThe Benefits of Cloning Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe Advantages of Cloning The first successfully cloned mammal was created on February of 1997. It was a breakthrough in scientific research when the Scottish scientists cloned a sheep by the name of Dolly. The method of cloning requires the extraction of DNA from anywhere on a subjects body and inserting that DNA into a womans egg. Worldwide attention was turned to the prospect of human cloning and with a push for sweeping prohibition (Tribe 459) legislatures around the world banned anyRead MoreThe Benefits of Human Cloning1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Human Cloning There are many ways in which in which human cloning is expected to benefit mankind. Below is a list that is far from complete. †¢ Dr. Richard Seed, one of the leading proponents of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to reverse the aging process because of what we learn from cloning. †¢ Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning theirRead More The Benefits of Cloning Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Cloning Imagine having a twin that looks and acts exactly like you. Even more interesting this twin is a product of scientific cloning. If scientists have their way, identical replicas of human beings will be roaming the earth. This scientific vision may occur a lot more recent then many think. Cloning can be (better) understood by looking at it’s definition, process, and some examples. This first step to better understanding cloning is to hear precisely what it is. CloningRead MoreEssay on Benefits of Human Cloning614 Words   |  3 PagesBenefits of Human Cloning Some of the Benefits of cloning are very appealing. Listed below are some of the benefits which could be possible with the use of cloning technology: †¢ Rejuvenation. Dr. Richard Seed, one of the leading proponents of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to reverse the aging process because of what we learn from cloning. †¢ Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treatRead More The Benefits of Cloning Research Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Cloning Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the last fifty years new forms of technology have been the center of attention for every human being. It seems that every day scientists come up with some new, perhaps even controversial, and exciting ways to improve the quality of life. These new technologies affect every aspect of life, as we know it. One such technology is the research being done in the area of cloning. Cloning is the production of one or more cells, individualRead MoreBenefits of Cloning Essay examples737 Words   |  3 PagesCloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through the use of a DNA sample. After the first cloned sheep dolly was created, many people were keen in knowing more about cloning and its benefit to society. Additionally, many of us want to know the pros and con the disadvantages and possible risks it may have on society and mankind. Most importantly, there are three types of cloning, therapeutic, reproductive , and embryonic cloning. These types of cloning are all ways of scientistsRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Human Cloning1005 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Human Cloning In recent years, many new breakthroughs in the areas of science and technology have been discovered. A lot of these discoveries have been beneficial to scientific community and to the people of the world. One of the newest breakthroughs is the ability to clone. Ever since Ian Wilmut and his co-workers completed the successful cloning of an adult sheep named Dolly, there has been an ongoing debate on whether it is right or wrong to continueRead More The Benefits of Cloning Essay examples1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe Advantages of Cloning      Ã‚   People often question whether or not cloning is morally acceptable in our society, and also if it is worth all the money that we spend on research for cloning.   It is hard to believe that not to long ago many people believed that joining a sperm and an egg in a test tube was considered to be morally wrong.   It is now used by millions of doctors around the world.   Cloning is at the beginning stages of being considered morally unacceptable and will soonRead MoreThe Benefits Of Human Reproductive Cloning989 Words   |  4 PagesIn measuring the benefits, human reproductive cloning would be advantageous to the well-being of humans and because it is a fulfillment of personal autonomy. Firstly, this technique is a sound method for infertile couples to have a genetically related ‘child’ and it is a method to provide a patient medical treatment in a form of gene therapy or organ transplants (Hayry 2003). Secondly, the value of personal self-governan ce has been emphasized by human traditions in which the liberty of individuals

Option and Major Studios Free Essays

FIN 4414 – Financial Management – Spring 2009 â€Å"Arundel† Case Assignment Due: March 23, 2009 Case: â€Å"Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project,† HBS, Case # 9-292-140, Revised 12/92. Main Question: Is $2million per movie a fair price? Why or why not? Additional Questions 1. Provide a brief overview of the proposed venture. We will write a custom essay sample on Option and Major Studios or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clearly describe the relevant time line. 2. Why do the proponents of this venture believe that Arundel Partners can make money buying movie sequel rights? Why do they propose buying a portfolio of rights rather than negotiating the purchase price on a film-by-film basis? Why do they propose to purchase the sequel rights at t=0 (before the first film is released) rather than at t=1? 3. Assuming a discount rate of 12% (risk free rate of 6% and a risk premium of 6%) calculate the NPV for all the sequels. Use the expected negative costs and the expected revenues given in Table 7. 4. Using the â€Å"decision-tree† approach, calculate the per-movie value of the sequel rights to the entire portfolio of 99 movies released in 1989 by the six major studios. . Assume that a maximum of ten sequels can be made in any given year. Using the same decision-tree approach, what would you estimate to be the per-movie value of the sequel rights to the entire portfolio of 99 movies released in 1989 by the six major studios? 6. Using the Black-Scholes approach, calculate the per-movie value of the sequel rights to the entire portfolio of 99 movies released in 1989 by the six major studios. Assume once again that there is no maximum to the number of sequels that can be made in a given year). You must provide details of how you estimated the inputs to the B-S formula. a. Asset value b. Exercise price c. Volatility of asset returns d. Time to maturity e. Risk-free rate HINT: Note that the time to maturity of the options is when uncertainty is resolved not necessarily when the sequel is made. The asset value is what you will get if you exercised the option to make the sequel. Again use average values for all the sequels. Similarly use the average value of the cost to make the sequels for the exercise price. Estimating standard deviation is a little trickier. Note that you do not have past information on returns to each sequel to estimate volatility for a sequel. However, you have information on a portfolio of sequels and you know the returns to these sequels and you could use these to estimate a standard deviation based on a cross-section of returns (DO NOT USE PRICE LEVELS). Also the standard deviation should be based on all 99 sequels – that is it should be based on the entire distribution. 7. Carry out a sensitivity analysis of the value of the option to the values of the underlying asset, exercise price, and volatility. 8. What problems or disagreements would you expect Arundel and a major studio to encounter in the course of a relationship like the one described in the case? What contractual terms and provisions should Arundel insist on? How to cite Option and Major Studios, Papers

Is Googel Making Us stupid stupid free essay sample

Is Google Making Us Stupid? by Nicholas Carr illustrates to me that the internet is slowing down the development of our brain. I agree with his argument that technology has affected out attention span, he sets an example of how we now cannot concentrate on the readings, Scott Karp, and Bruce Friedman, both agree that their ability to read long articles has been affected by the web. Also, I agree with Carr that we are becoming low thinking people because the internet gives us easy access to have quick information research. However, I think that Google and the internet are actually helping us to learn new information. It is because when the computers are not here, we do all things by hand. If you want to know what a word means, you would need to get a dictionary. If you want to look up something that your teacher mentioned in class, but you dont know what it is, or how does it look like. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Googel Making Us stupid stupid? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, you would have to find the encyclopedia to look for it. In nowadays, we do everything by computer, communicate with people, blogging, searching, watch videos, etc. We can learn new information quickly by searching from the internet. As Carr said, It [the Net] injects the medium’s content with hyperlinks, blinking ads, and other digital gewgaws, and it surrounds the content with the content of all the other media it has absorbed. A new e-mail message, for instance, may announce its arrival as we’re glancing over the latest headlines at a newspaper’s site (Carr 62). They take away our concentration, when we are reading an article there are lots of ads, hyperlinks, which would take our attentions. Thus, we will go to another website and look for other stuffs. Furthermore, Carr explains that, The clock’s methodical ticking helped bring into being the scientific mind and the scientific man. But it also took something away When the mechanical clock arrived, people began thinking of their brains as operating like clockwork. Today, in the age of software, we have come to think of them as operating like computers' (Carr 62), after the invention of the clocks, people have designated times to do certain things, to eat, to work, to sleep. People actually start obeying the clock. Carr believes that in the future, human will be acting like a machine and this make me think that it is actually a problem. After reading Carrs article, I realized that the internet has got into me. Internet has made it hard to stay focused when reading things you dont have interest on. When there was no internet exists, I would actually find information through books or newspapers, but now, I barely touch them. I just need to open a computer and google the information that I am looking for. And it takes shorter time instead of using a lot of time to read a long article. I think Carr does a good job on giving a lot of evidences to back up his arguments.